Hawthornes Symbolism In The House Of Seven Gables Essays (2505 words)

Hawthorne's Symbolism in The House of Seven Gables American Literature reflects life, and the struggles that we face during our existence. The great authors of our time incorporate life's problems into their literature directly and indirectly. The stories themselves bluntly tell us a story, however, an author also uses symbols to relay to us his message in a more subtle manner. In Nathaniel Hawthorne's book The House of Seven Gable's symbolism is eloquently used to enhance the story being told, by giving us a deeper insight into the author's intentions in writing the story. The book begins by describing the most obvious symbol of the house itself. The house itself takes on human like characteristics as it is being described by Hawthorne in the opening chapters. The house is described as "breathing through the spiracles of one great chimney"(Hawthorne 7). Hawthorne uses descriptive lines like this to turn the house into a symbol of the lives that have passed through its halls. The house takes on a persona of a living creature that exists and influences the lives of everybody who enters through its doors. (Colacurcio 113) "So much of mankind's varied experience had passed there - so much had been suffered, and something, too, enjoyed - that the very timbers were oozy, as with the moisture of a heart." (Hawthorne 27). Hawthorne turns the house into a symbol of the collection of all the hearts that were darkened by the house. "It was itself like a great human heart, with a life of its own, and full of rich and somber reminiscences" (Hawthorne 27). Evert Augustus Duyckinck agrees that "The chief perhaps, of the dramatis personae, is the house itself. From its turrets to its kitchen, in every nook and recess without and within, it is alive and vital." (Hawthorne 352) Duyckinck feels that the house is meant to be used as a symbol of an actual character, "Truly it is an actor in the scene"(Hawthorne 352). This turns the house into an interesting, but still depressing place that darkens the book in many ways. Hawthorne means for the house's gloomy atmosphere to symbolize many things in his book. The house also is used to symbolize a prison that has darkened the lives of its inmates forever. The house is a prison because it prevents its inhabitants form truly enjoying any freedom. The inhabitants try to escape from their incarceration twice. Initially, as Phoebe and Clifford watch the parade of life in the street, Clifford "realizes his state of isolation from the ?one broad mass of existence-one great life, - one collected body of mankind,' and he cannot resist the actual physical attempt to plunge down into the ?surging stream of human sympathy'" (Rountree 101). Dillingham believes that "Hawthorne clearly describes Clifford's great need to become reunited with the world and hints that this reunion can be accomplished only by death" (Rountree 101). However, Clifford inevitably fails to win his freedom, and he returns to the solace of his prison house. Clifford and Hepzibah attempt once more to escape their captive prison, but the house has jaded them too much already (Rountree 102). This is apparent when Hepzibah and her brother made themselves ready- as ready as they could, in the best of their old-fashion garments, which had hung on pegs, or been laid away in trunks, so long that the dampness and mouldy smell of the past was on them - made themselves ready, in their faded bettermost, to go to church. They descended the staircase together, ? pulled open the front door, and stept across the threshold, and felt, both of them, as if they were standing in the presence of the whole world? Their hearts quaked within them, at the idea of taking one step further. (Hawthorne 169) Hepzibah and Clifford are completely cut off from the outside world. They are like prisoners who after being jailed for decades return to find a world they do not know.(Rountree 101). Clifford is deeply saddened when he says, " ?We are ghosts! We have no right among human beings - no right anywhere, but in this old house"(Hawthorne 169). The house has imprisoned their souls and trapped their lives. Hence, the house symbolizes a prison for its inhabitants. The house also symbolizes the history of the of Pyncheon family dating back to the original Colonel Pyncheon who had been cursed by Matthew Maule for the evil way in which the Colonel obtained the land for the house. The house has collected memories upon memories of the people who have lived there,

New Zealand and hoe it may prosper.

New Zealand and hoe it may prosper. Free Online Research Papers In considering the proposition that national economic prosperity is directly linked to public sector RD investment, two separate issues must be addressed. Firstly, is investment in RD a material driver of national prosperity, and secondly, is prosperity best served by RD investment being publically or privately funded? This paper will discuss both these issues, and will argue that while it is imperative investment in RD in New Zealand is growing; increased investment by the NZ government is important, but not necessarily imperative. Historically, prosperity has been defined as a state of economic growth, with rising incomes and high employment levels. Simply, social well-being is enhanced by economic growth. More recently, prosperity has been defined to include advancement in a number of areas, including economic fundamentals, entrepreneurship, democracy, education, health, safety, freedom and social capital (The Legatum Prosperity Index, 2009). In considering all of these factors, it is evident that long run economic growth on its own does not necessarily deliver prosperity, and furthermore, a nation’s prosperity could well increase with improvements in other factors, excluding economic growth. While this may be the case for nations where economic prosperity far outweighs social prosperity, in the case of New Zealand, long run economic growth will continue to be a major driver of prosperity (ref). New Zealand presently ranks tenth on the Legatum Prosperity Index, an index which ranks countries based on all of the factors which are encompassed in prosperity’s modern definition. Considering each of the individual sub-indexes, a clear pattern emerges. While New Zealand ranks highly in social areas such as democracy, freedom and social capital, it sadly lacks in economic fundamentals, with a ranking of just 27th (The Legatum Prosperity Index, 2009). This appears largely due to New Zealand’s less than optimal export performance, and high reliance on natural resources and the industries which consume them, together with a relatively slow growth in national productivity. This can be improved though economic diversification and growth, adding value to existing output, improving overall productivity (economic output per unit of labour and capital employed). Investment in RD is a major factor in building the human and physical capital needed to drive economic growth. The value of physical and human capital can either be directly increased through investment, or indirectly increased through investment in RD, which drives improvements in technology. As resources are scarce, maximum economic growth can only be achieved through efficient allocation of resources in a way which will provide maximum benefits. According to Tassey, author of the economics of RD policy, economic studies have shown that technology is the single most important factor in increasing economic growth, generating marginal social benefits which greatly exceed that of investment in other areas. This is because, in addition to creating new market opportunities, technology is essential in quality and productivity improvements, the drivers of sustained increases in wages and profits. These increased in wages and profits are in turn the drivers for savings and investment, wh ich drive continued economic growth (Tassey, 2010). Over the past few decades, investment in RD in New Zealand, by both private and public sectors has constantly been lower than that of other developed nations. According to the ministerial report on the OECD innovation strategy, New Zealand’s investment in RD accounts for a mere 1% of GDP, under half of that of the average investment for OECD countries, which ranges from 2 to 5.4% (OECD Innovation Strategy, 2010). Consequently, New Zealand’s economic growth has also lagged behind the OECD average. Considering the clear correlation between economic growth and national levels of RD spend, this would suggest that investment in RD in New Zealand should increase, in order to catch up with the rest of the world. What is not evident from the basic statistics is whether and to what extent the value of RD investment is a matter of quality or quantity. The fact that New Zealand’s investment in RD is relatively low compared with its international peers does not in itself prove that investment in RD needs to grow. As described earlier, investment in RD is only one form of investment, and to claim that RD is the key to our future prosperity may be overstating its importance relative to these other forms. Furthermore, investment in RD which does not result value creation may actually reduce overall productivity. Economic growth requires the efficient allocation of resources, to achieve the best possible outcome. The fact that RD in New Zealand is underrepresented in our national accounts may simply be due to a difference in nature of our economy, making our investment in physical or human capital more efficient relative to other economies. The statistics however do not support this argument. According to Winsley, overall investment in RD produces a risk adjusted marginal social rate of return ranging between 50-70%, almost twice that of physical capital and three times that of human capital, which directly attests to the conclusion that increased investment in RD would be an efficient use of resources (Winsley, 1996). The fact that New Zealand’s economy is much smaller than that of other OECD countries could provide an explanation of why investment in RD is underrepresented, and may also provide an argument that increased investment in RD is not required. Investment in RD is highly influenced by economies of scale, meaning it is much more efficient and cost effective when undertaken on a large scale (Rowe, 2005). This could mean that New Zealand’s underinvestment in RD is warranted, based on the fact that it would be inefficient due its scale. As the benefits of RD are not entirely limited to the country in which they are produced, New Zealand could â€Å"piggyback† off the RD of larger nations, leaving resources to be invested in other areas. This argument falls short however in that prosperity as a country requires a rate of increase relative to other nations, and simply ‘piggybacking’ off ideas and developments will only cause New Zealand to fall behind. Even if a policy of ‘piggybacking’ was adopted, it could be likely New Zealand needs to increase investment in RD regardless, as a means adapting other countries RD investment (Tassey, 2010). Based on these arguments, it can reasonably be established that in order for New Zealand to prosper, investment in RD needs to grow, firstly to meet that of other developed nations, and eventually to outpace them. Whether or not investment in RD needs to increase however, is only half the issue. What is more important is who is best placed to fund and perform RD functions in New Zealand. Simply suggesting that the government should throw more tax payers money into RD, would be largely understating the complexity of this issue, and as such, the rest of this paper will be dedicated to addressing where this funding should come from. Presently, investment in RD in New Zealand is largely publicly funded, with public funding accounting for 51% of RD, much higher than the OECD average of 30% (OECD Innovation Strategy, 2010). As well as this, direct public funding, rather than indirect, accounts for nearly 100% of all public RD expenditure. The reason for this mix in funding is that rather than being an entirely private or entirely public good, the classification of RD as an investment is largely mixed. This is due to the broadness of scope of RD as an investment, which encompasses all forms of research such as basic science and research into generic and proprietary technologies, and all forms of development from conceptualisation to commercialisation. It is well accepted that the development of basic scientific knowledge is a public good function, and is therefore primarily the responsibility of the government. It is not so clear whether the development to commercialisation of knowledge and technology into assets fo r economic activity should be a public sector responsibility, or driven by the private sector (Tassey, 2010) In considering New Zealand’s underinvestment in RD, increased government funding may at first glance appear to be an obvious solution. This would be based on the premise that RD will increase long run growth, it is currently underrepresented, and therefore it is something the government should be investing in. New Zealand’s economy is about the same size as an average SP company. Therefore it could make intuitive sense that the central government replaces private sector funds in RD, as pooling resources would allow for a more substantial research base. In addition, the government’s access to taxation revenue is more mobile than private funding for investment, allowing it to easily and quickly be redistributed (Jacobsen, 1991). While this solution may have merit, for scale reasons the real issue is not the volume of spending, rather it is the value of spending. While there is clear evidence that increased investment in RD will increase long run economic growth, a ll other factors held constant, the real factor that needs to be considered is whether or not the government will make the most efficient use of resources. As stated earlier, many studies have shown that investment increases long run economic growth, however whether or not direct public investment increases economic growth is an entirely different matter. Frank Lichtenberg, who conducted an extensive investigation into RD investment, and its relation to international productivity differences, found that while privately funded investment has significant positive effects on productivity, the effects of public investment was insignificantly different from zero, or in some cases negative (Lichtenberg, 1992). This points to the conclusion that the government, as an investor, is unable to make efficient use of the resources which it extracts from the economy. This inefficient use of resources can be explained by a number of factors, most import of which is that government expenditure essentially has little to no accountability, other than the party in power being accountable to voters. This leads policy and spending to focus on politically po pular funding options, rather than those which are economically efficient. Therefore, in order for New Zealand to prosper, it would seem that the required increase in investment in RD would need to be met by private industry. In theory private funding for RD, will drive resources to be allocated efficiently. In the market, price and profit act as a language that communicates the wants of consumers to those who produce goods. Economic agents respond to changing relative price signals, and their response to this language of price shifts resources to their highest value in use, thus achieving efficiency. In contrast public spending tends to be characterised by resources being allocated on the basis popular public policy, often providing what the market will not pay for. Private business which at times will have the existence of their business at stake, will tend to pursue RD with a high probability of commercial return or avoid altogether higher risk programs with very uncertain payback. Private sector RD has very strong commercial drivers to be successful, increasing productivity and profitability, in turn creating wealth and prosperity (Tassey, 2010). But if the market acts to correctly allocate resources, then why is investment in RD so underrepresented, considering marginal rates of return are so high? The theory that the market will effectively allocate resources is based on the premise that all the characteristics of a well functioning market are upheld, such as perfect information, zero barriers to entry, and most importantly, the non-existence of externalities or â€Å"spill over† effects (Cellini, Lambertini, 2008). The underinvestment in RD can be described by the failure to meet these requirements. Market failure results from a dysfunction in the private sectors capabilities for assessing the economic potential of an RD project i.e. imperfect information, and a limited pool of high risk capital. Technical risk is often too high, meaning risk cannot be reliably estimated, time to completion is often outside the strategic scope of management. Co-ordination problems also exist, as the nature of evolving markets requires investment in combinations of technologies. Significant positive externalities or â€Å"spill over† effects are prominent in the RD industry. Thes e externalities are often unable to be internalised to the producer, meaning the full potential benefit of RD is often not rewarded to the producer (Jacobsen, 1991). The existence of market failure is an important justification for government intervention. As market failure results in a sub-optimal level of RD investment, public policy is required to address this issue. This does not necessarily mean however that government’s direct investment must increase (although this may well be the case) rather it means that the causes of market failure need to be identified, and properly addressed through effective measures (Jacobsen, 1991). Therefore in order to increase investment in RD, the government should properly consider the causes of underlying underinvestment, and formulate appropriate cost effective policies which encourage investment to occur. This conceptualisation leads to a policy view that the government’s role is best served funding scientific research in universities and crown-owned research institutes. While it is theoretically possible to break down certain aspects of RD into purely private and public good, the boundaries of these aspects are often too vague to be effectively established in practice (Tassey, 2010). It is this mixed nature of RD’s classification as a good which causes this funding conundrum, as, if RD was purely a private good, private funding would be most efficient and vice-versa. To stimulate and facilitate private investment, it is likely that direct government funding will have to increase, not because government funded RD stimulates growth, but because it may required to facilitate and increase private investment. While government funded RD may itself be relatively unproductive, any spending which stimulates private investment, will provide significant benefits for New Zealand, by facilitating increases in productivity, and with this, economic growth. Rather than simply pouring money into politically popular areas of RD, the government can use resources effectively by increasing funding in New Zealand’s generic technology base, and investing in technology infrastructure which supports domestic industries. An example of this would be increased funding to scientific research in universities. Broad-based underinvestment in RD could be reduced by sufficiently lowering the cost of RD, through indirect funding such as tax credits. This would partly addre ss the loss of reward caused by positive externalities, somewhat correcting market failure. In conclusion, in order for New Zealand to prosper, it is likely, but not imperative that the government’s investment in RD should grow. While overall prosperity encompasses many factors other than economic growth, it cannot be achieved without it. Efficient investment into physical, human and technological capital is a pre-requisite. New Zealand is currently underinvesting in RD, an area which has been shown to produce significant marginal social benefit. What is imperative is that effective policy is established to facilitate private investment. Public investment, where required, should be targeted specifically in areas which act to strengthen New Zealand’s fundamental research base, such as research universities and generic technologies. Increased investment in RD is essential for long run growth, and if private investment is able to be significantly increased, it will become a lasting foundation of greater prosperity. Wordcount: 2498 References Cellini, R., Lambertini, L. (2008). Th Economics of Innovation. Bingly, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Jacobsen, V. (1991). Contestable Funding: A New Deal for Research and Development in New Zealand. Australia: The Centre for Independent Studies Limited. Lichtenberg, F. (1992). RD Investment and International Productivity Differences. NBER Working Paper 4161, 1, 2 6. OECD Innovation Strategy. (n.d.). Organisation for Economic Development . Retrieved January 10, 1010, from oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_41462537_41454856_1_1_1_1_1,00.html Rowe, J. (2005). Economic Development In New Zealand (The Dynamics of Economic Space). Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing. Tassey, G. (1997). The Economics of RD Policy. Westport: Quorum Books. The 2009 Legatum Prosperity Index. (n.d.). The 2009 Legatum Prosperity Index. Retrieved October 5, 2010, from prosperity.com/rankings.aspx Winsley, P. (1996). Discussion paper no 4. research and development as a socially efficient investment, 1, 8 12. Research Papers on New Zealand and hoe it may prosper.PETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Research Process Part One

Lakoff and Johnson Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lakoff and Johnson - Assignment Example According to Lakoff and Johnson, metaphorical concepts are beyond the ordinary meaning and far from the literal thinking and talking as they contain figurative, colorful, or poetic language (1980). Structural metaphors are conventional metaphors in which one of the concepts can be expressed in terms of another that is structured and sharply defined. For example According to Lakoff and Johnson, structural metaphors are cases in which source domains give the frameworks for the target domains in arguments (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). In structural metaphors, economic activity is equal to war and relates various economic activities as war and the economy as the battlefield. The competitors in the businesses are warriors or armies that fight against each other. The economic activities take the concepts of attack and defense as in the example. â€Å"Due to the crises, the Indians will strike back meaning the country will work hard to revive the economy. Another example is "Labor is a resource and time is a resource†. The metaphors relate to economic resources especially in developed countries where labor and time are valuable assets for

Change in the demographics of Central America from 1450 to 1914 Essay

Change in the demographics of Central America from 1450 to 1914 - Essay Example It is an unequivocal fact that industrialization has drastically changed the world and profoundly impacted the human societies in a way that would definitely be astounding for someone who inhabited the present massively industrialized areas 6 or 7 hundred years back. Central America is also such a region that has experienced a lot many changes in the human population over time owing to the threat of different diseases particularly, urbanization, and the industrial revolution.Historical evidence suggests that most of the people occupying the region of Central America in 1450 did hunting for existence. They were also not much acquainted with norms or ethical values, that are given major importance presently. Native population in 1450 was roughly in millions and by 1750, the figures of the population decreased significantly. This marked decrease in the native population can be majorly linked to the spread of myriad diseases like malaria, chicken pox, and tuberculosis for which no medica l remedies were present then because advances in microbiology occurred much later. â€Å"The introduction of infectious diseases like smallpox, to which Native Americans had no immunity, reduced their population by 90 percent from 1500 to 1700.†. It's not that the native population extinguished completely, rather the native American was present after 1750. During this period, Indians and Africans continued to be brought in Central America as slaves by the Europeans who began colonizing and settling in this region.

The purpose of life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The purpose of life - Essay Example Everyone has a purpose, everything has a purpose, and every day has a purpose. I live in my realm and accomplish everything for the purpose of tasting more about the essence of this life. I am a type of want-to-do-something-for-this-life, so I always eager for grasping as much experience as I could to be full-fledged so as to contribute to the society. I hold the youth on my hand feeling like a millionaire who is moving up the ladder of fame. Rich, but solitary, trust no one, and expect for nothing, because anyone does not supply everything I want to buy. Maybe I am asking too much, but honestly, I just want people to know that I am living and not just existing. I am a lonely voice trying to fit in this chaotic world, like a thorn bird searching for a thorn tree to rise above its agony to out carol the lark and the nightingale. I often wonder why our age is said to be the generation that is quiet. I see people of orange-blue rainbow and polka dotted. Expressions of different trails traveled and stories of failure and triumph, so what is silent about us? Have we not kept our youthful curiosity and stumbled upon treasures undiscovered? And shouted from the mountain tops what we have found? Is it that we are silent or is it that someone is just not listening? If people could not understand and encourage, please do not discourage or leave anyone behind. We are the ones who will rule the world in the future. At this moment, we could not go back to be children anymore, yet we are not grown up enough to be adults. We are trying to burst the bubble, to come out of our shells, and to accomplish more than what people out there did a long time ago. But how can we reach such goals if the surrounding people always feel suspicious of our start? How can we climb to the peak of the mountain if parents always shout at us f rom the mountain bases? And what if the cure for cancer is in the brain of someone who is not encouraged to follow his/her dream? Give us a

Institute Of Hotel Management Commerce Essay

Institute Of Hotel Management Commerce Essay Management is a set of activities that include planning and decision making, organization, direction and control, led to an organizations resources human, financial, physical and information in order to achieving organizational objectives efficiently and effectively Classical management school The classical school is the oldest formal school managing thought. Its roots predate the twentieth century. Classical School of thought generally concerns ways to control work and organizations to more efficiently. Three areas of study that can be grouped under the classical school are the scientific management the administrative management, and bureaucratic management. The classical school (management) has tried to define the essence of management in the form of universality of the fundamental functions. These, it was hoped, would be the basis of a set of cognitive skills relevant to be acquired by all aspiring managers through formal education. Address of the classical school thought is based on a belief that employees are only the physical and financial, and social needs and the need for work satisfaction, either do not exist or are not important. Therefore, this school advocates a high specialization of labor, centralized decision making and profit maximization. See also the behavior of the school management, contingency management, school governance quantitative and school management systems. Henri fayol theory henri Fayol (1841-1925) is generally considered the school founder of classical music management not because it was the first to investigate managerial behavior, but because it was the first to systematize. Fayol believed that practicing of sound management falls into certain patterns which can be identified and analyzed. From this basic idea, has developed a project manager for a coherent doctrine, one that retains much of its force today. With his faith in the scientific method, Fayol was like Taylor, his contemporary. While Taylor was basically concerned with the functions of organization, however Fayol was interested in the total focused on organizing and managing, which in his opinion had been the most neglected of the operations of the company. Exhibit 2-1 lists the 14 principles of management Fayol more often had to apply. Before Fayol, it was generally believed that managers are born, not made. Fayol stressed, however, the management was a skill like any other that can be taught once the basic principles are understood. Fayols Principles of management theory Division of labor: dividing labor in specialized tasks and allocation of responsibilities to specified persons. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Authority:-delegate authority with responsibility. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Discipline:-make clear expectations punish rape. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Control unit: each employee be assigned to only one supervisor. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unit address: employees efforts should focus on achievement of organizational objectives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Subordination of individual interest to general interest: the general interest should prevail. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Centralization:-identify the relative importance of the functions superiors and subordinates. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Compensation: systematically reward efforts to support the organizational management. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scalar Chain:-maintain communications within the chain of command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Order: order jobs and material support for the management of the organization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Equity fair discipline and order improving employee engagement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stability and retention of staff: promote employee loyalty and longevity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Initiative: encourage employee who act on his own in support of the leadership of the organization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Esprit de corps:-to promote unity and interest management. Scientific management Frederick Taylor introduced a second approach management The scientific approach advocated the application of scientific methods to analyze and determine which work to complete production tasks efficiently. Taylor presented four principles of scientific management: Management should develop a precise scientific approach for each element of an individuals work to replace the general guidelines Scientific management to select, train, teach and develop each worker to the person entitled to the right job Management should cooperate with workers to ensure that the work plans and the principles of the party Management should ensure a fair division of labor and responsibility between managers and workers Contributions Factory productivity and efficiency Introduced scientific analysis for the workplace Piecework system equates rewards and worker performance Increased cooperation between management and workers Limitations Simplistic assumptions motivational Workers viewed as parts of a machine Potential for labor exploitation Excludes senior management tasks Ignored relationship between the organization and its Management Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Gilbreth were the successors of taylor studied how the work environment influences the performance of the employees. They made a strong contribution in time and motion study. They showed that by following arrangements can organizations effectively solve their problems. Divide each job action into its components. Finding better ways to make the action. Reorganizing Each job action to be more efficient Administrative management theory The researchers tried to discover how to create an organization structure that leads to high efficiency and bureaucracy effectiveness.Theory was developed by Max Weber as a succession of such investigations. Bureaucracy is basically a formal system of organization and administration designed to effectiveness.There were in theory ensure efficiency and different principles An explicit and comprehensive administrative management emerged in 1916, whenHenri Fayol he published a book summarizing his experiences of management. He identifiedfive functions and 14 principles of management. The five functions are very similar to the functions management and thefour are as under 1.Planning, 2.Organizing, 3.Commanding, 4.Coordination, 5.Controlling Contributions Management seen as a profession that can be trained and developed He emphasized the general aspects of the policies of senior management It offers universal management prescriptions Bureaucracy management The term bureaucracy was created from the French word for the desk at the office or in the office, and the Greek ÃŽÂ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ kratoswhich means rule or political power. Bureaucracy is basically a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness. Weberian bureaucracy has its origins in the works of Max Weber (1864-1920), a German sociologist, political economist, academic and administrative staff who contributed the study of bureaucracy and the speech and the literature during the 1800 and 1900 years. Webers ideal bureaucracy is characterized by hierarchical organization, outlined lines of authority in a fixed area of activity, actions taken on the basis of recorded and written rules, bureaucratic officials need expert training, rules are applied by neutral officials, career advancement depends on technical qualifications judged by the organization, not individuals. Bureaucracy Approach Key concept Red structured and formal relationships between specialist positions in an organization The rules and regulations of conduct standardized Jobs has trained specialists who follow the rules Hierarchy defines the relationship between jobs Contributions Promotes the efficient performance of the routine activities of the organization Eliminates the subjective judgment of the employees and managers Emphasizes positions rather than the person Limitation Difficult to dismantle once established Rules may become end in themselves. Ignores the importance of people and interpersonal relationship. What is human relation? human relationship a relation between people human relationship relationship between people (relationship is often used in relation would serve, as in `the relationship between inflation and unemployment , but the preferred use of relationship is for human kindship or states), the relationship between mothers and their children relationship Principles of Human Relations Approach The basic principles of human relations approach are :- The human beings not only interested in financial gain. They also they need recognition and appreciation. Employees are human beings. Therefore, it should be treated as human beings and not machines. Managers should try and understand the feelings and emotions of employees. An organization working not only through official relations, but also through informal contacts. Therefore, managers should foster informal relationships in the organization, along with formal relations. Workers need a high level of job security and satisfaction at work. Therefore, management should provide employment security and job satisfaction of workers. Workers want a good communication among managers. Therefore, managers must to effectively communicate without feelings of ego and of superiority complex. In any organization, the members do not like conflicts and misunderstandings. Therefore, managers should try to stop conflicts and misunderstandings among members of the organization. Qantative or mangement science approach Quantitative Management Operations Management Management Information Systems and Management Science in the theory of Total Quality Management Management Quantitative emphasis is on how arithmetic can be manipulated for achieve best practises in inventory and financial management of capital has a set control. Operations of techniques which can be used to improve quality management production efficiency Total art is focused on the manner in which the assembly can manage information systems achieve excellence. Management managers provide adequate events of information and external about internal one Theory This organization environment making. Organizational effective decisions is the group of operating conditions and forces externally of the organization, but affect a manager capacity to acquire and utilize resources. This would clearly emphasizes the importance of studying theory ambiente.Is to half of open systems and contingency theory developed in 1960 proves the importance of cons idering the middle View This ambiente. system is a system where external resources are acquire and they become services then goods and sent back to customers for the purchase. as an open system. Organizations that use a closed system are prone to entropy, of tendency of a system to lose its ability to monitor and thus to break and describes Theory It collapse.Contigency no better how to organize therefore characteristics the ability in an organization to obtain resources.Types environment affect of structures Above discusses the differences between the structures. In conclusion, a Mechanistic structure managers can obtain inputs to a lower cost of preference in a stable and inorganic environmental managers can react more quickly in a fast changing contribution environment.These constructing your own base of modern management theories SYSTEM THEORY Systems theory is the disciplinary study of systems in general, with the goal of clarifying the principles which can be applied to all types of systems at all levels of nesting in all fields of research.The term not have an well established, precise meaning, but systems theory reasonably be regarded as as a specialization of systems thinking, generalization of systems science, a systems approach. The term comes from general systems theory Bertalanffy (GST) and used in later efforts in other fields, such as the theory of action of Talcott Parsons and the social systems theory of Niklas Luhmann. In this the word systems is used to refer specifically at self-regulating systems, ie, self-correction through feedback. Self-regulatory systems found in nature, including physiological systems of the body, in local and global ecosystems, and climate and human learning processes PART B:- DIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT THEORY Planning planning is most fundamental. All other functions arising from the planning. However, planning does not always get the attention it merits, and when it does, lot of managers find that the process of planning is not as easy as they thought it would be or even the best laid plans can go wrong. In short, planning is gearing up for tomorrow, today. The activity that allows managers determine they want and how they will achieve. planning does not only provide direction and unity , but also gives answer to these six basic question:- What needs to be achieved? When is the last date to finish? Where will this be done? Who will be the incharge of it? How will it be done? What all is required to complete this goal? Importance of planning It reduces the risk of unstabability,wastage of time It helps in decision making It enhances standards for controlling It enhances innovative ideas Organizing People working together in groups to achieve or accomplish some goal which must have roles to play, like manger organizing a party or 1000 people. The role implies that what people do has a definite purpose or objective; the manager know where what staff will fit to accomplish the task or to achieve the goal. For example: one or two where given the job to collect fire wood, some the arrangement of tables n chairs, some to set the ambience, and other the job of cooking. The organizing is the part of managing which involves establishing an intentional structural of roles for people to fill in a organization. It is the intentional sense of makin sure that all the tasks that are necessary to be done are assigned and assigned to those who will give their best Importance of organizing This process consist of following six steps : Establishing given projects. Supporting objectives, plans Identifying, analysing, and classifying the activites that will help in accomplish the goal. Using the man power that you have at your best to achieve the task. Remain connected to the other staff working in different sections to know the progress. Assigning one head of each department. Leading Leading is to influence people so that each one contributes to achieve the goal. All managers agree their problem starts from people their desires and attitude as well as their behaviour as individuals. Leadership traits Some of the features that regularly appear in leaders are ambition, energy, desire, drive, confidence and intelligence. Although some features are useful, these attributes do not offer guarantees a person in possession of them is an efficient leader. Underlying the trait approach is the assumption that some people are natural leaders and are endowed with certain characteristics that have no other individuals. This research compared successful and unsuccessful leaders to see how they differ in their physical characteristics, personality and ability. Drive. Leaders are ambitious and take initiative. Motivation. Leaders want to lead and are willing to take charge. Honesty and integrity. Leaders are truthful and do what they say they will do. Self-confidence. Leaders are assertive and decisive and enjoy taking risks. They admit mistakes and foster trust and commitment to a vision. Leaders are emotionally stable rather than recklessly adventurous. Cognitive ability. Leaders are intelligent, perceptive, and conceptually skilled, but are not necessarily geniuses. They show analytical ability, good judgment, and the capacity to think strategically. Business knowledge. Leaders tend to have technical expertise in their businesses. Controlling

Categorizing of People in Shakespeare’s Tempest and Dante’s Inferno :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Categorizing of People in Shakespeare’s The Tempest and Dante’s Inferno Shakespeare’s The Tempest and Dante’s Inferno both exhibit Foucault’s idea of categorization and subjectification using â€Å"dividing practices.† (Rabinow 8) Foucault argued that people can rise to power using discourse, â€Å"Discourse has the ability to turn human beings into subjects by placing them into certain categories.† (Rabinow 8) These categories are then defined â€Å"according to their level of deviance from the acceptable norm.† (Rabinow 8) Some examples of such categories are the homosexual, the insane, the criminal and the uncivilized. (Rabinow 8). By the above method, called â€Å"dividing practices,† people can be manipulated by socially categorizing them and then comparing them to norms. In this way human beings are given both a social and a personal identity (Rabinow 8) and this is how superiority among human beings can be established. In the play, The Tempest by William Shakespeare, Prospero took control of Caliban and made him his servant. Prospero was able to do this because he viewed Caliban as an uncivilized being; Caliban was portrayed as a beast. Thus, Prospero was able to assume power over Caliban. It can be seen from Prospero’s speech that he thinks that Caliban is inferior to him when Prosper says, â€Å"I have used thee, Filth as thou art, with human care [†¦]† (1.2.348-349). Prospero tries to justify enslaving Caliban, but all he really does is place Caliban into a category of bestial and uncivilized and as a result enslaves him. Even Miranda, Prospero’s daughter, speaks in a way that categorizes Caliban as an uneducated and uncivilized savage. â€Å"I pitied thee, Took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour [†¦] When thou didst not, savage, know thine own meaning [†¦]† (1.2.356-359) Miranda doesn’t stop there; she continues labeling Caliban, â€Å"But thy vile race, though thou didst learn, had that in’t which good natures could not abide to be with; therefore wast though deservedly confined into this rock [†¦]† (1.2.361-364). Exactly this kind of discourse turns Caliban into a subject. If Caliban had not been alone on the island, then Prospero and Miranda would have categorized a whole group of human beings rather than just one. In addition to the above, Prospero also accused Caliban of trying to rape Miranda. The fact that in the play Caliban doesn’t contest this challenge shows that his character is being categorized as a â€Å"black rapist† (Loomba 324). The â€Å"black rapist† theme is the thought that black men have a lust for white women and that they are much more likely to rape a white woman.

An Analysis of Things Fall Apart

In Things Fall apart, Okonkwo was considered a tragic hero. He used to be a great wrestler, a fierce warrior, and a successful farmer of yams in Umuofia. Shortly after Ikemefuna’s death, Okonkwo accidentally killed someone in a funeral ceremony. He and his family were sent into exile for seven years. Nevertheless, when he returned to Umuofia, he found himself unable to adapt to changing time as the white men came to live among the village. Okonkwo realized that he was no longer able to function within his changing society. Consequently, he committed suicide by hanging himself for his final tragedy. His tragic end was led by his character flaws, a betrayal of his clansmen, and the colonization. Okonkwo was impulsive; he acted before he thought without considering the consequence. Furthermore, he isolated himself by exhibiting anger through violent, irrational behavior. He was quick to anger. During the annual week of peace before planning time, tradition permitted no one to speak a hash word to other person in the village. However, one day during this week, Okonkwo beat his youngest wife, who went to a friend’s house to braid her hair and forgot to prepare Okonkwo’s meal and feed her children. Even he was reminded of the ban on violence, he didn’t stop the beating. However, his fear of weakness and failure also was his tragic flaw. Consequently, he didn’t take the advice that not to participate in the murder of Ikemefuna. Therefore, he actually killed Ikemefuna because he was afraid of being though weak. Moreover, Okonkwo was a man of action. He did things without considering the consequence. This flaw brought him a serious consequence at the end of the story. After the release from jail, Okonkwo thought about his revenge. He hoped Umuofia will wage war on the intruders. If they didn’t, he would take action on his own. In the next morning, the clansmen were lead to a meeting which was about took action against the unwanted strangers to rid themselves. During the meeting, five court messengers approached the group and said that the white man ordered the meeting stopped. Without a second thought, Okonkwo used his machete to sever the messenger’s head. However, his impulsiveness drove him to this deplorable condition. The betrayal of the clansmen contributed Okonkwo’s tragedy. As well as things had changed among the village, many people in Umuofia were not entirely unhappy with the white men’s influence on their village. However, the white men brought wealth to the village as they built a trading store for traded palm oil and palm nut kernels. The clans could gain great economic benefit from the trading store, hence the money flowed into the village. Therefore, not everyone in the village was united against the white men since they had provided a new way for the villagers to profit. With this opportunity, they were willing to accept the white man's rule because they weren't willing to sacrifice the new trading community to fight for their independence. People would rather choose peace and money instead of going to the war to against the white men. This change of the clan displeased Okonkwo. His return was not what he had hoped. Moreover, when Okonkwo killed the messenger in the meeting, no one tried to stop the other messengers from escaping. The clansmen were afraid, and someone even asked why Okonkwo killed the messenger. At that time, Okonkwo realized that the clan would never go to war and the Umuofia would surrender. He wiped his machete and walked away. Nevertheless, everything had fallen apart for Okonkwo. He failed alone. The colonization mainly contributed Okonkwo’s tragedy because they were unfamiliar with Umuofia’s culture. However, Enoch unmasked an egwugwu in the ceremony; his action was determined as a great crime and killed the ancestral spirits. Therefore, the egwugwu went to kill him, but he took refuge in the church compound. Mr. Smith, who was intolerant in fanaticism, tried to protect Enoch and asked the egwugwu to leave. Rather than hunt Enoch down and kill him, they burn the church. When the District Commissioner returned from trip and heard about the burning of the church, they asked six leaders of the village, including Okonkwo, to meet with him in his office. As one of the leaders began to tell about Enoch’s unmasking of an egwugwu, they were handcuffed and thrown in jail for several days. However, the DC said the leader would be treated well in the prison, and would be released after paying five or two hundred bags of cowries. Nevertheless, the guards repeatedly mistreated them in the prison. Okonkwo suffered insults and physical abuse there. The way the messenger mistreated him was humiliated. Therefore, he was put into fighting mood. His motivation for wanting revenge and his humiliation in jail were deeply personal. However, the DC was ignorant because he didn’t know the Umuofia’s culture; and he only listened to one side. If Okonkwo was tolerant and acted with considering the consequence, he might avoid his tragedy. Moreover, if Mr. Brown was not breaking down in health, he would still stay in Umuofia. Then, Mr. Smith would not take over his place. Consequently, the consequential outcome would not happen. Besides, if the District Commissioner could listen to both sides’ explanations or understand the Umuofia’s culture more, Okonkwo would not be put in the prison tragically. Then, he might avoid killing the court messenger. Furthermore, it might help preventing his tragedy from happening.

the value of human life essays

the value of human life essays The beliefs and views of modern society are hypocritical and unjust. By the time an individual matures from a young child to an adult, they have been taught an uncountable number of life lessons. One of the outstanding lessons that each and every person has learned is that killing another human being is wrong. This is perhaps the first recognizable lesson on the value of human life. Most children know that killing is against the law and learn religiously that it goes against all religious morals and beliefs, yet society is bombarded by violence everyday in the media and in real life. Today, the value of human life can be questioned, especially that of the young. Through numerous examples of child murder and abortion it is rather obvious that the lives of the unborn or newly born are not valued to the degree that they should be. In most cases, the young are not recognized as "people" and are robbed of their human rights and freedoms. Young lives, both born and unborn, are seen as m ore of a commodity these days, than as precious, magical miracles. In the media today there are ridiculous numbers of reports pertaining to accidents, shootings and robberies-these are just a few examples of unjust acts that are occurring everyday. There is also a shocking amount of coverage about parents accidentally, or on the other hand, brutally murdering their kids. Parents are supposed to be loving and supporting caregivers, they have a great influence over everything a child can possibly say or do. It is hard to believe that some parents would actually take their childrens lives into their hands. Recently in the news there have been accounts of a mother poisoning her son to a father taking a knife and slashing his sons throat. These are all cases where the parent in charge has taken advantage of their control. Each helpless child is defenseless in these situations. In many cases, children have become victims of a parents mental ...

Deceit in Hunters in the Snow Essay Example

Deceit in Hunters in the Snow Essay Example Deceit in Hunters in the Snow Essay Deceit in Hunters in the Snow Essay Tobias Wolff’s Hunters in the Snow centres on the actions and personalities of Kenny. Frank and Tub as they embark on a hunting trip during the winter. Each character faces jobs ( in character or otherwise ) which they attempt to cover up through misrepresentation – the cardinal subject in this short narrative – in order to accept their several actions. The effects of these screen ups deeply change the power of each character over another. Furthermore. the characters don’t recognize how their prevarications influence others around them. Kenny is a quintessential bully. His demand for power over the other two causes him to asseverate control of any action be it driving or inquiring for permission to run on private evidences. In truth. he doesn’t even wish to inquire for permission but is pressured by Frank to make so. Kenny’s apparently light-minded idiosyncrasies besides follow from his desire to be the alpha-male. He insults and pitilessly annoyers Frank and Tub about their insecurities. He pretends to want to run over Tub after looking an hr late and instantly silences any expostulation from Tub. However. he neither realizes how far he is forcing Tub nor the hazard he is in. His stupid actions taking up to and after the slaying of the old Canis familiaris eventually push Tub. who lawfully fears for his life. to revenge. This instantly puts Kenny’s life at the custodies of his tough victims and leaves a power vacuity to be filled. Tub’s chief job is his denial of the hapless eating wonts that he has. He adamantly tries to convert others that his job is due to his glans despite acutely cognizing that he gorges himself on unhealthy nutrients in purdah. The insecurity he feels about being found out causes him to go easy manipulated and bullied by Frank and Kenny. Furthermore. the revenge against Kenny merely adds to the insecurity Tub has and he instantly searches for blessing and protection against the effect of hiting Kenny. Frank fills in this vacuity and manipulates Tub into siding with him. Frank himself faces the issue of criminal conversation. His lecherousness for another adult female causes him to lead on himself into believing that this new female is the love of his life despite a little portion of his scruples saying otherwise. He even goes every bit far as to perverse the beliefs of that little portion by asseverating that his reluctance is merely due to the good that his married woman had done him and the childs they had. Frank’s self-deceit unwittingly acts on Tub’s insecurities. motivating Tub to open up about his jobs to Frank. By lead oning himself to accept his criminal conversation. Frank pushes Tub to accept the feeding jobs that Tub has by giving in to Tub’s impulses. Frank is incognizant that his credence of criminal conversation has already influenced Tub to yield to Tub’s desires ( shown by the fact that Tub decides to open up to Frank ) . Each character has major issues that need to be corrected but prefer to lead on themselves and others than accept the truth and work towards rectification. As such. Kenny lies in mortal hazard. Frank additions newfound power in the group and over Tub. and Tub remains submissive to Frank’s wants. Furthermore. the newfound assurance in Frank leads him to disregard common sense in traveling back to recover critical waies to the infirmary. The hereafters of these three characters is left hanging. nevertheless it is clear that the stoping has each one traveling down separate and erroneous waies.

2014 news on inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2014 news on inflation - Essay Example As a result, the cost of food, non-alcoholic drinks, and petrol declined. The statistic is still under expectation to fall to 1% towards the end of 2014. The fall in inflation has been good news for households since the prices of commodities were higher than the average income of individuals since the financial crisis. Initially, most of the families were not able to buy commodities due to the low income with a rising inflation in the UK. Also, the news in the article unveils to the consumers that their price indices were able to drop by 0.1% from 1.6%. In addition, the news suggests that the Retail Prices Index was able to drop from 2.5% to 2.4% as from the beginning of 2014 (BBC News). In conclusion, I have learnt few lessons from the news. I have learnt that the annual rate of inflation tells us the changes in the cost of living. I have also learnt that the Retail Prices and Consumer Prices Indices are the main measures of inflation in the country. Lastly, I have learnt that inflation can only be controlled by the Central Bank. Thus, the Central Bank determines the rate of inflation in the

Definition of American Literature 1865-1914 Essay

Definition of American Literature 1865-1914 - Essay Example Naturalism is a movement that emerged in response to the perceived excesses of Romanticism and Surrealism, particularly with reference to those styles’ symbolic, idealistic, and optimistic views of the world and human nature. Nevertheless, while realism sought only to impose empirical value into art by portraying subjects in an earthly way, separate from the idealism of the early 19th century, the movement toward naturalism reflected more of a philosophical shift than an artistic one. Although naturalism is viewed often as an outgrowth of literary realism, it is the result from a leap further into the study of human nature, rather than a study of art. While realism attempted to portray human beings as they actually are, naturalism took a step further by first proposing a theory of human nature and then representing that nature in art. Part of this theory of human nature was determinism, or the belief that every event in the universe, including human behavior, is causally deter mined by previous events. .