Mandarin Chinese Dialogue for Beginners

This lesson will introduce often used Mandarin Chinese vocabulary and show how it can be used in simple conversation. New vocabulary words include teacher, busy, very, also, and more. These terms can come in handy in school, whether you are addressing a teacher or telling your classmates your busy with homework. How? You will be able to read and hear example dialogue at the end of the lesson. Audio links are marked with ââ€" º to help with pronunciation and listening comprehension. Listen without reading the characters first to see if you can understand what is being said. Or, repeat after the audio link to see if your tones are correct. As a general note for beginners, it is important to make a habit of always using the proper tone when first learning Mandarin Chinese. The meaning of your words can change if you use the wrong tone. You have not learned a new word until you can pronounce it with its proper tone. New Vocabulary è€ Ã¥ ¸ « (traditional form)è€ Ã¥ ¸Ë† (simplified form)ââ€" ºlÇŽo shÄ «Teacher Ã¥ ¿â„¢ ââ€" ºmà ¡ngbusy Ã¥ ¾Ë† ââ€" ºhÄ›nvery å‘ ¢ ââ€" ºne​question particle ä ¹Å¸ ââ€" ºyě​also é‚ £ ââ€" ºnà  so; in that case Dialogue 1: Pinyin A: ââ€" ºLaoshi hÇŽo. Nà ­n mà ¡ng bà ¹ mà ¡ng?B: ââ€" ºHÄ›n mà ¡ng. NÇ  ne?A: ââ€" ºWÇ’ yÄ› hÄ›n mà ¡ng.B: ââ€" ºNa, yÄ « huÄ ­r jià  n le.A: ââ€" ºHuà ­ tà ³u jià  n. Dialogue 1: Traditional Form A: è€ Ã¥ ¸ «Ã¥ ¥ ½, æ‚ ¨Ã¥ ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¿â„¢?B: Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢. ä ½  Ã¥â€˜ ¢?A: 我ä ¹Å¸Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢B: é‚ £,ä ¸â‚¬Ã¦Å"Æ'å…’è ¦â€¹Ã¤ ºâ€ A: 回é   ­Ã¨ ¦â€¹ Dialogue 1: Simplified Form A: è€ Ã¥ ¸Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½, æ‚ ¨Ã¥ ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¿â„¢?B: Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢. ä ½  Ã¥â€˜ ¢?A: 我ä ¹Å¸Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢B: é‚ £,ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¥â€ž ¿Ã¨ § Ã¤ ºâ€ A: 回å ¤ ´Ã¨ §  Dialogue 1: English A: Hello teacher, are you busy?B: Very busy, and you?A: I am also very busy.B: In that case, I’ll see you later.A: See you later. Dialogue 2: Pinyin A: JÄ «ntiÄ n nÇ  yà  o zuà ² shà ©nme?B: LÇŽoshÄ « gÄ›i wÇ’ tà  i duÃ…  zuà ²yà ¨! WÇ’ jÄ «ntiÄ n hÄ›n mà ¡ng. NÇ  ne?A: WÇ’ yÄ›yÇ’u hÄ›nduÃ…  zuà ²yà ¨. Nà   wÇ’men yÄ «qÇ  zuà ² zuo yà ¨ ba. Dialogue 2: Traditional Form A: ä »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ½  Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥ Å¡Ã¤ »â‚¬Ã© º ¼B: è€ Ã¥ ¸ «Ã§ µ ¦Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"æ ¥ ­Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ½  Ã¥â€˜ ¢A: 我ä ¹Å¸Ã¦Å"‰å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"æ ¥ ­Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ©â€š £Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â‚¬â€˜Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨ µ ·Ã¥ Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"æ ¥ ­Ã¥  §Ã£â‚¬â€š Dialogue 2: Simplified Form A: ä »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ½  Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥ Å¡Ã¤ »â‚¬Ã¤ ¹Ë†B: è€ Ã¥ ¸Ë†Ã§ »â„¢Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"ä ¸Å¡Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¿â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ½  Ã¥â€˜ ¢A: 我ä ¹Å¸Ã¦Å"‰å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"ä ¸Å¡Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ©â€š £Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨ µ ·Ã¥ Å¡Ã¤ ½Å"ä ¸Å¡Ã¥  §Ã£â‚¬â€š Dialogue 2: English A: What do you want to do today?B: The teacher gave me too much homework! I will be busy today. What about you?A: I also have a lot of homework. In that case, lets do homework together then.

Example of report Essay - 1015 Words

AHAA 1043 CREATIVE AND CRITICAL THINKING Assignment Report â€Å"Thinking is easy, acting is difficult, and put one’s thoughts into action is the most difficult thing in the world.† Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (German Playwright, Poet, Novelist and Dramatist. 1749-1832) Looking back at the lecturer career, the important of critical thinking to success in the career thinking skills is real, students may not know how to actually apply the information that receive to real world application culture, or lives a life that demands them to talk, read or write to prove proficiency? Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. Someone with critical†¦show more content†¦For the first time, the very 1st sketch was using numbers to determine the dots, line, shape and volume. First time and the second time have been rejected and required to improve the artworks. The third time has accepted and it was four different types of flowers. In week three, the second exercise were introduced and the title is Encounter of Form. On the third week, before starting the second exercise, students required to study the samples which were given on the assignment briefing. Students have to draw the same boxes on the layout pad or butter pad or regal bond. Encounter of Form is about the positive and the negative under seven rules which is detachment, union, intersect, overlap, touching, interpenetration and subtraction. The first artwork was failure and required to improve. For the second artwork was complete success. In week four, the third exercise of the assignment one has given by the lecturer and the title is Space and Depth. Before starting the exercise, students have to understand what to draw and how to draw, how to start. For the first part of the exercise, student has to do boxes with four instruction which is increase, playful, congested and tension. And as for second part, students have to do A3 size artwork with four themes which is peace, war, hope and struggle. With these four themes was hard to choose but ended up with hope. The first artwork was failure and required to improve.Show MoreRelatedInternship Report Example1212 Words   |  5 Pagesthis, I sat down my team and financial advisor to come out with a plan to overcome different customer objections. We did few roleplays and I am happy to report that each quarter we started referring more customers to our advisor Frank Marzella. We went from 1 investment referral per campaign to 3-4 referrals per campaign. I wanted to lead by example and referred a client to Frank which resulted almost $900,000 investment sale and working on 2 more clients which could result to another $1MM in salesRead MoreInterim Report Example2806 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction: This document contains the interim report of - This report will tell what has been achieved, what still needs to be done in every department in the organization and in which timeframe. The employees of the RB company have been working greatly and putting a lot of effort to be a stable company and ultimately grow into a successful company. This report will show the companies past activities and if they have been completed successfully. Moreover, this report will also include our future goals andRead MoreProject Report Example4667 Words   |  19 Pages11 Leadership †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 Table of Appendices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Executive Summary This report discusses the journey of The AKENAS group. This multicultural group of students navigated its way through a series of obstacles; none the least of which were strong personalities, or project adaptations. Through the utilisation of Belbin (1980) andRead MoreNarrative Report Example1091 Words   |  5 Pagessure Mr. Holt was not there. At this time, I thanked Mr. Weems for his cooperation and then left the residence. I then contacted Mr. Ramirez and informed him, his items nor was Mr. Holt at that residence. I informed Mr. Ramirez I would make a report of the stolen items and forward it to CID. I also advised Mr. Ramirez if he saw where he was tracking his iPad and it changed locations to call the Sheriff’s Office and let me know. At approximately 3:30 PM, I contacted Mr., Ramirez to see ifRead MoreNarrative Report Example769 Words   |  4 PagesOn 12,18,2017 I observed a blue Nissan Altima bearing Florida tag # traveling south on US 19 at Ridge Rd. A computer check via FCIC/NCIC revealed this tag was expired as of 04/24/16 and assigned to a 2015 red Hunyadi four door. I activated my emergency lights and conducted a traffic stop on the above listed vehicle. The vehicle came to a final stop at the intersection of northbound US 19 at Green Key Road. I made contact with the vehicle driver/ defendant, later identified as Raymond David FrancesRead MoreExploratory Report Example977 Words   |  4 PagesXXXXXXXXX Exploratory Report Stake-Holders: People/Entities The conflict of the Ground Zero mosque has become one of the fiercest religious based debates in recent years. One of the most influential men in the debate is Feisal Abdul Rauf. Rauf is the Imam (leader in prayer) at the current New York City mosque just a few blocks away from the proposed location of the future mosque. He has put a lot of time and money into this proposed mosque and does not plan to give up on it. Another key person inRead MoreExample Of Observation Report1843 Words   |  8 Pagessocial skills are lacking interest and involvement. He is not aggressive, but rather avoidant of any communication with other students with the hint of looking down at his classmates. - Robert’s classroom behavior can come across as odd at times. For example, in the middle of the lesson he can stand up and walk across the classroom, stretch in a very theatrical manner. It is obvious, that his focus is shifted from the subject of the lesson to himself. That leads to - Random comments, not connect to theRead MoreExample of Annual Report2223 Words   |  9 PagesAbusa Gerovin Mrs. Matt Adrian Gerovin Day shift Service Night Shift II. Marketing Report A. marketing Description The regular customer of the Cyber Edz Internet cafà © is are all students, but it is open for any society status but the large student population will become an important part of the Net Cafà © customer base. The studentRead MoreComputer Research Report Example762 Words   |  4 PagesIn general, this report proves adhering to good human computer interaction, usability, and accessibility guidelines is compulsory if one is to produce a successful product. Following on from this conclusion, it is apparent that the report briefly covers a small volume of these elements, the Study Administrator did desire, to widen the depth of research into the dynamic fields and disciplines of Human Computer Interaction, a good reason for this was because, as the report gained traction it becameRead More Abortion Report Essay examples808 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion Report nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I have chosen for my topic Abortion. I think that it is a topic that is very important in todays society however it is often dodged or avoided. Different Presidents say different things and have different stances about it, and often it is had to know what to think about it. Basically there are two different ways of looking at it: Pro-Choice, which takes the stance of saying that it is the womans choice if she wants to have an abortion and that it

Mercury Energy Folole Muliagas Death Case Free Sample

Question: Describe about mercury energy folole muliagas death case? Answer: Briefly summarize the Folole Muliaga scenario. Foloe Muliaga was a 45 years aged women who was not keeping well and stayed with her son Ietitatia in their Auckland home. Mrs Muliaga was not a healthy woman. Her health was deteriorated when she was shifting to New Zealand with her husband and four kids in the year 2000. She was first treated in the year 2007 for her breathing disabilities and weighed 212 kg. Soon she was diagnosed with an obesity hyperventilation syndrome. This refers to an illness, where in the carbon dioxide is not removed from the body. Mrs Muliaga was given two oxygen treatment machines at home (Meredith, n.d.). Around 10.30am in the morning a contractor from Mercury energy had come to disconnect the power connections. Once the power was disconnected, the oxygen machine was cut and the alarm was triggered. Once the contractor left he place, Mrs Muliaga health deteriorated rapidly. Mrs Muliaga took some pills immediately to handle the situation and asked her son to play the guitar. Muliaga was struggling to breathe and had become unconscious. Till the time, the ambulance staff memebrs came to her rescue it was too late and she was dead. When Mercury energy was contacted, they said they did not do anything illegal or immoral. Assess the consequence or outcome With the power disconnection done by Mercury energy, resulted in the pre mature death of Mrs Muliaga. Though Mrs Muliaga was not keeping well and was on two oxygen treatment machines at home but she had defied all the odds and survived for more than five years. The day Mrs Muliagas death was announced in New Zealand, this news was picked up by the leading news channels having drawn their attention to the fact that an apparent death of a lady due to an unpaid electricity bill (Schermerhorn, Osborn Hunt, 2000). When questioned, Mercury Energy clearly stated that it had done nothing wrong or illegal. They said that, the contractor (who went to disconnect the power at Mrs Muliagas house) was performing his duty and nothing else. The prime minister of New Zealand, Helen Clark started accusing Mercury Energy for hard nose commercial attitude. The prime minister said, it is hard to believe that the contractor went ahead and disconnected the power even when he saw a pipe attached to her nos e. The police on the other hand after in depth investigation claimed that, there was no evidence to justify that the contractor was at fault (Thomas Dienhart, 2004). The police concluded by saying that, Mr Muliaga died due to arrhythmia which is caused due to obesity and the stress of the power disconnection. Media washed off the reputation of Mercury Energy by stating that, how mercury energy victimizes its customers. Mercury energy was accused of ethical social behavior as they overlooked the need of the patients need as she was on two oxygen machine treatments at home (Eweje Wu, 2010). The premature death of Mrs Muliaga, has led to significant decline in the levels of trust in the state owned company i.e. Mercury Energy. Determine if what Mercury Energy did was illegal. Are you in agreement with the police and coroner decisions? Why or why not? The action performed by Mercury Energy was not illegal but was morally not correct. It is sen that, Mrs Muliaga had asked for continued power supply at their residence due to some health reasons. The contractor admitted the fact that, he even saw an oxygen treatment machine at their residence. Even though, he went ahead to disconnect the power at Mrs Muliagas residence (Bridgman, 2010)). This made the oxygen machine useless for the patient and she died few hours after the power was disconnected. The state owned Power Company; dis regarded the fact that disconnecting the power at Mrs Muliagas residence might lead to certain life threatening consequences. They ignored business ethics only followed their business policies. After the in depth investigation, it was found out that Mercury Energy gives approximately 6-7 weeks before disconnecting the power. Mercury energy chose to abide by their business policies disconnected the power supply at Mrs Muliagas residence (Bjerregaard Laurin g, 2013). Before the disconnection took place, Mr Muliaga came to the power companys office to discuss the emergency of continued power supply at their residence due to the poor health condition of his wife (Darley, Messick Tyler, 2001). He even went to the power companys office to discuss whether can pay the bills in bits but they were not willing to listen to his problem. Instead, they ordered for a power cut which was a wrong act by them. The contractor should have discussed with his officials regarding the disconnection of the power supply at Muliagas place when he saw the oxygen treatment machine at their place. The contactor on behalf of the company should be more considerate after looking at Mrs Muliagas health. The companys decision not to disconnect the power shall be considered one of the best solution rather than adhering to the business policies laid down by the company (Amato Florence, 2009). Mercury energy shall grant Mr Muliaga some more weeks to pay off his arrears or ask to him pay the bill in bits. I agree with the police in investigating the entire case in-depth and come to a conclusion whether the main cause of Mrs Muliagss death was disconnected power supply. Investigations done by the police department stated that, they did not find any justifiable reason to charge the state owned power company the contractor involved in the case. But, I disagree with these findings as in my opinion Mercury Energy played a vital role in Mrs Muliagas death. It shall be seen that, if there would have been continued power supply the oxygen treatment machine would have been of help to Mrs Muliaga in her survival. Coroner also stated that, she did not die due to the discontinued power supply but due to her obese condition. He also said that, stress of power disconnection also led to her inability to suck oxygen from the treatment machine installed at her residence (Agle,Hart Thompson). Hence, it shall be seen that business ethics plays a vital role in smooth function of every organization. State owned companies such as Mercury energy has proved that, earning more more profits can be detrimental for the organization at large. The state owned company was caught in a case where they were being accused for death of a lady due to disrupted power supply. The contactor on behalf of the company should be more considerate after looking at Mrs Muliagas health. The companys decision not to disconnect the power shall be considered one of the best solution rather than adhering to the business policies laid down by the company. The top official of the company mercury energy should have provided with other payment options to Mr Muliaga to pay off the electricity bills. With the case of Mrs Muliaga, many other companies shall take some amount of learning that, they shall talk to their customers rather than taking up various stringent actions which might have a detrimental effect on the company in the long run. Mercury energy was accused of ethical social behavior as they overlooked the need of the patients need as she was on two oxygen machine treatments at home. The premature death of Mrs Muliaga, has led to significant decline in the levels of trust in the state owned company i.e. Mercury Energy. References Agle, B., Hart, D., Thompson, J.Research companion to ethical behavior in organizations. Amato, A. Florence, S. (2009). Corporate social responsibility and sustainable business. Centre for creative leadership Bjerregaard, T. Lauring, J. (2013). Managing contradictions of corporate social responsibility. Business ethics: a European Review. Vol. 22(2)131-142 Bridgman, T. (2010). Beyond the Manager's Moral Dilemma: Rethinking the 'Ideal-Type' Business Ethics Case.Journal of Business Ethics,94311-322. Doi: 10.1007/s10551-011-0759-3 Darley, J., Messick, D., Tyler, T. (2001).Social influences on ethical behavior in organizations. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum. Eweje, G., Wu, M. (2010). Corporate response to an ethical incident: the case of an energy company in New Zealand.Business Ethics: A European Review,19(4), 379-392. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8608.2010.01596.x Meredith, B. (n/d). The cost of contempt. Adrenalin publishing limited Shears, R. (2007). Mother on an oxygen lifeline dies after firm cuts the power.Daily Mail. p. 31. Retrieved from EBSCOHost. Schermerhorn, J., Osborn, R., Hunt, J. (2000).Organizational behavior. New York: Wiley. Thomas, T. Dienhart, J. (2004). Strategic leadership of ethical behavior in business. Academy of management executive.Vol. 18(2); 56

Motor Learning free essay sample

The dynamic systems theory of motor control is able to account for the four characteristics of human movement through the process of: none of the above 2. The reflex theory of motor control cannot account for which characteristic of human movement uniqueness 3. Open-loop motor control relies on sensory feedback to guide the completion of the movement. False 4. One weakness of the reflex theory of motor control is that: it cannot explain how humans can perform unique movements. Degrees of freedom can be defined as: ny of a limited number of ways in which a body may move or in which a dynamic system may change According to the reflex theory of motor control, muscle response synergies are the elementary units of behavior. False Motor equivalence refers to the fact that particular tasks can be accomplished in a variety of ways. True The definition of coordination is: The process by which an individual constrains, or condenses, the available degrees of freedom into the smallest number necessary to achieve the goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Motor Learning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A chain of action was thought to be triggered by some external stimulus that resulted in an observable movement response. reflex theory One theoretical problem with the motor program concept that led to the development of the generalized motor program was the motor program concept could not explain how humans produced novel movements The open-loop mode of motor control is utilized during movement of very short duration, i. . less than 200 milliseconds. True In America , 1 dollar and 50 cents affords you what behavior? buying a candy bar Motor equivalence refers to the fact that the temporal and spatial characteristics of a movement remain relatively stable from one performance to the next. False Reflex theory can be defined as: a chain of action thought to be triggered by some external stimulus that resulted in an observable movement response. True According to your book the two most important bodies of knowledge that shaped the field of study known as motor control and learning are: psychology and neurophysiology In the hierarchical model of motor control what cognitive process is hypothesized to occur between the time of a stimulus and the initiation of a response? none of the above The concept of self-organization is associated with what movement control theory? none of the above Dynamic systems theory is also known as action system theory. True Motor equivalence refers to the fact that movements composed of different patterns of motions can be used to achieve the same environmental goal. True The four characteristics by which we can describe human movement are flexibility, modifiability, uniqueness, consistency a set of muscle commands that are structured before a movement sequence begins, and that allow the entire sequence to be carried out uninfluenced by peripheral feedback. The above statement defines a: motor program What two scientists are most associated with the development of dynamic systems theory? Gibson and Bernstein The study of postures and movement and the mechanisms that underlie them is your book definition of: Motor control The speed-accuracy trade-off could be described as: if I increase my movement speed, I am likely to make more errors One weakness of the reflex theory of motor control is that: it cannot explain how humans can perform unique movements Control describes the process of: manipulating the behavioral unit to perform an action One assumption of the reflex theory of motor control is that all aspects of movement planning and execution are the sole responsibility of a cortical executive False Degrees of freedom can be defined as none of the above The reflex theory of motor control can account for which characteristic of human movement consistency With the use of the Generalized Motor Program (GMP) the hierarchical theory of motor control can account for what characteristics of human movement? There is only one correct answer. modifiability, flexibility, uniqueness.

Hawthornes Symbolism In The House Of Seven Gables Essays (2505 words)

Hawthorne's Symbolism in The House of Seven Gables American Literature reflects life, and the struggles that we face during our existence. The great authors of our time incorporate life's problems into their literature directly and indirectly. The stories themselves bluntly tell us a story, however, an author also uses symbols to relay to us his message in a more subtle manner. In Nathaniel Hawthorne's book The House of Seven Gable's symbolism is eloquently used to enhance the story being told, by giving us a deeper insight into the author's intentions in writing the story. The book begins by describing the most obvious symbol of the house itself. The house itself takes on human like characteristics as it is being described by Hawthorne in the opening chapters. The house is described as "breathing through the spiracles of one great chimney"(Hawthorne 7). Hawthorne uses descriptive lines like this to turn the house into a symbol of the lives that have passed through its halls. The house takes on a persona of a living creature that exists and influences the lives of everybody who enters through its doors. (Colacurcio 113) "So much of mankind's varied experience had passed there - so much had been suffered, and something, too, enjoyed - that the very timbers were oozy, as with the moisture of a heart." (Hawthorne 27). Hawthorne turns the house into a symbol of the collection of all the hearts that were darkened by the house. "It was itself like a great human heart, with a life of its own, and full of rich and somber reminiscences" (Hawthorne 27). Evert Augustus Duyckinck agrees that "The chief perhaps, of the dramatis personae, is the house itself. From its turrets to its kitchen, in every nook and recess without and within, it is alive and vital." (Hawthorne 352) Duyckinck feels that the house is meant to be used as a symbol of an actual character, "Truly it is an actor in the scene"(Hawthorne 352). This turns the house into an interesting, but still depressing place that darkens the book in many ways. Hawthorne means for the house's gloomy atmosphere to symbolize many things in his book. The house also is used to symbolize a prison that has darkened the lives of its inmates forever. The house is a prison because it prevents its inhabitants form truly enjoying any freedom. The inhabitants try to escape from their incarceration twice. Initially, as Phoebe and Clifford watch the parade of life in the street, Clifford "realizes his state of isolation from the ?one broad mass of existence-one great life, - one collected body of mankind,' and he cannot resist the actual physical attempt to plunge down into the ?surging stream of human sympathy'" (Rountree 101). Dillingham believes that "Hawthorne clearly describes Clifford's great need to become reunited with the world and hints that this reunion can be accomplished only by death" (Rountree 101). However, Clifford inevitably fails to win his freedom, and he returns to the solace of his prison house. Clifford and Hepzibah attempt once more to escape their captive prison, but the house has jaded them too much already (Rountree 102). This is apparent when Hepzibah and her brother made themselves ready- as ready as they could, in the best of their old-fashion garments, which had hung on pegs, or been laid away in trunks, so long that the dampness and mouldy smell of the past was on them - made themselves ready, in their faded bettermost, to go to church. They descended the staircase together, ? pulled open the front door, and stept across the threshold, and felt, both of them, as if they were standing in the presence of the whole world? Their hearts quaked within them, at the idea of taking one step further. (Hawthorne 169) Hepzibah and Clifford are completely cut off from the outside world. They are like prisoners who after being jailed for decades return to find a world they do not know.(Rountree 101). Clifford is deeply saddened when he says, " ?We are ghosts! We have no right among human beings - no right anywhere, but in this old house"(Hawthorne 169). The house has imprisoned their souls and trapped their lives. Hence, the house symbolizes a prison for its inhabitants. The house also symbolizes the history of the of Pyncheon family dating back to the original Colonel Pyncheon who had been cursed by Matthew Maule for the evil way in which the Colonel obtained the land for the house. The house has collected memories upon memories of the people who have lived there,

New Zealand and hoe it may prosper.

New Zealand and hoe it may prosper. Free Online Research Papers In considering the proposition that national economic prosperity is directly linked to public sector RD investment, two separate issues must be addressed. Firstly, is investment in RD a material driver of national prosperity, and secondly, is prosperity best served by RD investment being publically or privately funded? This paper will discuss both these issues, and will argue that while it is imperative investment in RD in New Zealand is growing; increased investment by the NZ government is important, but not necessarily imperative. Historically, prosperity has been defined as a state of economic growth, with rising incomes and high employment levels. Simply, social well-being is enhanced by economic growth. More recently, prosperity has been defined to include advancement in a number of areas, including economic fundamentals, entrepreneurship, democracy, education, health, safety, freedom and social capital (The Legatum Prosperity Index, 2009). In considering all of these factors, it is evident that long run economic growth on its own does not necessarily deliver prosperity, and furthermore, a nation’s prosperity could well increase with improvements in other factors, excluding economic growth. While this may be the case for nations where economic prosperity far outweighs social prosperity, in the case of New Zealand, long run economic growth will continue to be a major driver of prosperity (ref). New Zealand presently ranks tenth on the Legatum Prosperity Index, an index which ranks countries based on all of the factors which are encompassed in prosperity’s modern definition. Considering each of the individual sub-indexes, a clear pattern emerges. While New Zealand ranks highly in social areas such as democracy, freedom and social capital, it sadly lacks in economic fundamentals, with a ranking of just 27th (The Legatum Prosperity Index, 2009). This appears largely due to New Zealand’s less than optimal export performance, and high reliance on natural resources and the industries which consume them, together with a relatively slow growth in national productivity. This can be improved though economic diversification and growth, adding value to existing output, improving overall productivity (economic output per unit of labour and capital employed). Investment in RD is a major factor in building the human and physical capital needed to drive economic growth. The value of physical and human capital can either be directly increased through investment, or indirectly increased through investment in RD, which drives improvements in technology. As resources are scarce, maximum economic growth can only be achieved through efficient allocation of resources in a way which will provide maximum benefits. According to Tassey, author of the economics of RD policy, economic studies have shown that technology is the single most important factor in increasing economic growth, generating marginal social benefits which greatly exceed that of investment in other areas. This is because, in addition to creating new market opportunities, technology is essential in quality and productivity improvements, the drivers of sustained increases in wages and profits. These increased in wages and profits are in turn the drivers for savings and investment, wh ich drive continued economic growth (Tassey, 2010). Over the past few decades, investment in RD in New Zealand, by both private and public sectors has constantly been lower than that of other developed nations. According to the ministerial report on the OECD innovation strategy, New Zealand’s investment in RD accounts for a mere 1% of GDP, under half of that of the average investment for OECD countries, which ranges from 2 to 5.4% (OECD Innovation Strategy, 2010). Consequently, New Zealand’s economic growth has also lagged behind the OECD average. Considering the clear correlation between economic growth and national levels of RD spend, this would suggest that investment in RD in New Zealand should increase, in order to catch up with the rest of the world. What is not evident from the basic statistics is whether and to what extent the value of RD investment is a matter of quality or quantity. The fact that New Zealand’s investment in RD is relatively low compared with its international peers does not in itself prove that investment in RD needs to grow. As described earlier, investment in RD is only one form of investment, and to claim that RD is the key to our future prosperity may be overstating its importance relative to these other forms. Furthermore, investment in RD which does not result value creation may actually reduce overall productivity. Economic growth requires the efficient allocation of resources, to achieve the best possible outcome. The fact that RD in New Zealand is underrepresented in our national accounts may simply be due to a difference in nature of our economy, making our investment in physical or human capital more efficient relative to other economies. The statistics however do not support this argument. According to Winsley, overall investment in RD produces a risk adjusted marginal social rate of return ranging between 50-70%, almost twice that of physical capital and three times that of human capital, which directly attests to the conclusion that increased investment in RD would be an efficient use of resources (Winsley, 1996). The fact that New Zealand’s economy is much smaller than that of other OECD countries could provide an explanation of why investment in RD is underrepresented, and may also provide an argument that increased investment in RD is not required. Investment in RD is highly influenced by economies of scale, meaning it is much more efficient and cost effective when undertaken on a large scale (Rowe, 2005). This could mean that New Zealand’s underinvestment in RD is warranted, based on the fact that it would be inefficient due its scale. As the benefits of RD are not entirely limited to the country in which they are produced, New Zealand could â€Å"piggyback† off the RD of larger nations, leaving resources to be invested in other areas. This argument falls short however in that prosperity as a country requires a rate of increase relative to other nations, and simply ‘piggybacking’ off ideas and developments will only cause New Zealand to fall behind. Even if a policy of ‘piggybacking’ was adopted, it could be likely New Zealand needs to increase investment in RD regardless, as a means adapting other countries RD investment (Tassey, 2010). Based on these arguments, it can reasonably be established that in order for New Zealand to prosper, investment in RD needs to grow, firstly to meet that of other developed nations, and eventually to outpace them. Whether or not investment in RD needs to increase however, is only half the issue. What is more important is who is best placed to fund and perform RD functions in New Zealand. Simply suggesting that the government should throw more tax payers money into RD, would be largely understating the complexity of this issue, and as such, the rest of this paper will be dedicated to addressing where this funding should come from. Presently, investment in RD in New Zealand is largely publicly funded, with public funding accounting for 51% of RD, much higher than the OECD average of 30% (OECD Innovation Strategy, 2010). As well as this, direct public funding, rather than indirect, accounts for nearly 100% of all public RD expenditure. The reason for this mix in funding is that rather than being an entirely private or entirely public good, the classification of RD as an investment is largely mixed. This is due to the broadness of scope of RD as an investment, which encompasses all forms of research such as basic science and research into generic and proprietary technologies, and all forms of development from conceptualisation to commercialisation. It is well accepted that the development of basic scientific knowledge is a public good function, and is therefore primarily the responsibility of the government. It is not so clear whether the development to commercialisation of knowledge and technology into assets fo r economic activity should be a public sector responsibility, or driven by the private sector (Tassey, 2010) In considering New Zealand’s underinvestment in RD, increased government funding may at first glance appear to be an obvious solution. This would be based on the premise that RD will increase long run growth, it is currently underrepresented, and therefore it is something the government should be investing in. New Zealand’s economy is about the same size as an average SP company. Therefore it could make intuitive sense that the central government replaces private sector funds in RD, as pooling resources would allow for a more substantial research base. In addition, the government’s access to taxation revenue is more mobile than private funding for investment, allowing it to easily and quickly be redistributed (Jacobsen, 1991). While this solution may have merit, for scale reasons the real issue is not the volume of spending, rather it is the value of spending. While there is clear evidence that increased investment in RD will increase long run economic growth, a ll other factors held constant, the real factor that needs to be considered is whether or not the government will make the most efficient use of resources. As stated earlier, many studies have shown that investment increases long run economic growth, however whether or not direct public investment increases economic growth is an entirely different matter. Frank Lichtenberg, who conducted an extensive investigation into RD investment, and its relation to international productivity differences, found that while privately funded investment has significant positive effects on productivity, the effects of public investment was insignificantly different from zero, or in some cases negative (Lichtenberg, 1992). This points to the conclusion that the government, as an investor, is unable to make efficient use of the resources which it extracts from the economy. This inefficient use of resources can be explained by a number of factors, most import of which is that government expenditure essentially has little to no accountability, other than the party in power being accountable to voters. This leads policy and spending to focus on politically po pular funding options, rather than those which are economically efficient. Therefore, in order for New Zealand to prosper, it would seem that the required increase in investment in RD would need to be met by private industry. In theory private funding for RD, will drive resources to be allocated efficiently. In the market, price and profit act as a language that communicates the wants of consumers to those who produce goods. Economic agents respond to changing relative price signals, and their response to this language of price shifts resources to their highest value in use, thus achieving efficiency. In contrast public spending tends to be characterised by resources being allocated on the basis popular public policy, often providing what the market will not pay for. Private business which at times will have the existence of their business at stake, will tend to pursue RD with a high probability of commercial return or avoid altogether higher risk programs with very uncertain payback. Private sector RD has very strong commercial drivers to be successful, increasing productivity and profitability, in turn creating wealth and prosperity (Tassey, 2010). But if the market acts to correctly allocate resources, then why is investment in RD so underrepresented, considering marginal rates of return are so high? The theory that the market will effectively allocate resources is based on the premise that all the characteristics of a well functioning market are upheld, such as perfect information, zero barriers to entry, and most importantly, the non-existence of externalities or â€Å"spill over† effects (Cellini, Lambertini, 2008). The underinvestment in RD can be described by the failure to meet these requirements. Market failure results from a dysfunction in the private sectors capabilities for assessing the economic potential of an RD project i.e. imperfect information, and a limited pool of high risk capital. Technical risk is often too high, meaning risk cannot be reliably estimated, time to completion is often outside the strategic scope of management. Co-ordination problems also exist, as the nature of evolving markets requires investment in combinations of technologies. Significant positive externalities or â€Å"spill over† effects are prominent in the RD industry. Thes e externalities are often unable to be internalised to the producer, meaning the full potential benefit of RD is often not rewarded to the producer (Jacobsen, 1991). The existence of market failure is an important justification for government intervention. As market failure results in a sub-optimal level of RD investment, public policy is required to address this issue. This does not necessarily mean however that government’s direct investment must increase (although this may well be the case) rather it means that the causes of market failure need to be identified, and properly addressed through effective measures (Jacobsen, 1991). Therefore in order to increase investment in RD, the government should properly consider the causes of underlying underinvestment, and formulate appropriate cost effective policies which encourage investment to occur. This conceptualisation leads to a policy view that the government’s role is best served funding scientific research in universities and crown-owned research institutes. While it is theoretically possible to break down certain aspects of RD into purely private and public good, the boundaries of these aspects are often too vague to be effectively established in practice (Tassey, 2010). It is this mixed nature of RD’s classification as a good which causes this funding conundrum, as, if RD was purely a private good, private funding would be most efficient and vice-versa. To stimulate and facilitate private investment, it is likely that direct government funding will have to increase, not because government funded RD stimulates growth, but because it may required to facilitate and increase private investment. While government funded RD may itself be relatively unproductive, any spending which stimulates private investment, will provide significant benefits for New Zealand, by facilitating increases in productivity, and with this, economic growth. Rather than simply pouring money into politically popular areas of RD, the government can use resources effectively by increasing funding in New Zealand’s generic technology base, and investing in technology infrastructure which supports domestic industries. An example of this would be increased funding to scientific research in universities. Broad-based underinvestment in RD could be reduced by sufficiently lowering the cost of RD, through indirect funding such as tax credits. This would partly addre ss the loss of reward caused by positive externalities, somewhat correcting market failure. In conclusion, in order for New Zealand to prosper, it is likely, but not imperative that the government’s investment in RD should grow. While overall prosperity encompasses many factors other than economic growth, it cannot be achieved without it. Efficient investment into physical, human and technological capital is a pre-requisite. New Zealand is currently underinvesting in RD, an area which has been shown to produce significant marginal social benefit. What is imperative is that effective policy is established to facilitate private investment. Public investment, where required, should be targeted specifically in areas which act to strengthen New Zealand’s fundamental research base, such as research universities and generic technologies. Increased investment in RD is essential for long run growth, and if private investment is able to be significantly increased, it will become a lasting foundation of greater prosperity. Wordcount: 2498 References Cellini, R., Lambertini, L. (2008). Th Economics of Innovation. Bingly, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Jacobsen, V. (1991). Contestable Funding: A New Deal for Research and Development in New Zealand. Australia: The Centre for Independent Studies Limited. Lichtenberg, F. (1992). RD Investment and International Productivity Differences. NBER Working Paper 4161, 1, 2 6. OECD Innovation Strategy. (n.d.). Organisation for Economic Development . Retrieved January 10, 1010, from oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_41462537_41454856_1_1_1_1_1,00.html Rowe, J. (2005). Economic Development In New Zealand (The Dynamics of Economic Space). Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing. Tassey, G. (1997). The Economics of RD Policy. Westport: Quorum Books. The 2009 Legatum Prosperity Index. (n.d.). The 2009 Legatum Prosperity Index. Retrieved October 5, 2010, from prosperity.com/rankings.aspx Winsley, P. (1996). Discussion paper no 4. research and development as a socially efficient investment, 1, 8 12. Research Papers on New Zealand and hoe it may prosper.PETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Research Process Part One

Lakoff and Johnson Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lakoff and Johnson - Assignment Example According to Lakoff and Johnson, metaphorical concepts are beyond the ordinary meaning and far from the literal thinking and talking as they contain figurative, colorful, or poetic language (1980). Structural metaphors are conventional metaphors in which one of the concepts can be expressed in terms of another that is structured and sharply defined. For example According to Lakoff and Johnson, structural metaphors are cases in which source domains give the frameworks for the target domains in arguments (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). In structural metaphors, economic activity is equal to war and relates various economic activities as war and the economy as the battlefield. The competitors in the businesses are warriors or armies that fight against each other. The economic activities take the concepts of attack and defense as in the example. â€Å"Due to the crises, the Indians will strike back meaning the country will work hard to revive the economy. Another example is "Labor is a resource and time is a resource†. The metaphors relate to economic resources especially in developed countries where labor and time are valuable assets for